Correction: Association of NOD2 and IFNG single nucleotide polymorphisms with leprosy in the Amazon ethnic admixed population.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008247.].

Putative pathogen-selected polymorphisms in the PKLR gene are associated with mycobacterial susceptibility in Brazilian and African populations.

Pyruvate kinase (PK), encoded by the PKLR gene, is a key player in glycolysis controlling the integrity of erythrocytes. Due to Plasmodium selection, mutations for PK deficiency, which leads to hemolytic anemia, are associated with resistance to malaria in sub-Saharan Africa and with susceptibility to intracellular pathogens in experimental models. In this case-control study, we enrolled 4,555 individuals and investigated whether PKLR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) putatively selected for malaria resistance are associated with susceptibility to leprosy across Brazil (Manaus-North; Salvador-Northeast; Rondonópolis-Midwest and Rio de Janeiro-Southeast) and with tuberculosis in Mozambique. Haplotype T/G/G (rs1052176/rs4971072/rs11264359) was associated with leprosy susceptibility in Rio de Janeiro (OR = 2.46, p = 0.00001) and Salvador (OR = 1.57, p = 0.04), and with tuberculosis in Mozambique (OR = 1.52, p = 0.07). This haplotype downregulates PKLR expression in nerve and skin, accordingly to GTEx, and might subtly modulate ferritin and haptoglobin levels in serum. Furthermore, we observed genetic signatures of positive selection in the HCN3 gene (xpEHH>2 -recent selection) in Europe but not in Africa, involving 6 SNPs which are PKLR/HCN3 eQTLs. However, this evidence was not corroborated by the other tests (FST, Tajima's D and iHS). Altogether, we provide evidence that a common PKLR locus in Africans contribute to mycobacterial susceptibility in African descent populations and also highlight, for first, PKLR as a susceptibility gene for leprosy and TB.

Association of NOD2 and IFNG single nucleotide polymorphisms with leprosy in the Amazon ethnic admixed population.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which affects skin and peripheral nerves. Polymorphisms in genes associated with autophagy, metabolism, innate and adaptive immunity confer susceptibility to leprosy. However, these associations need to be confirmed through independent replication studies in different ethnicities. The population from Amazon state (northern Brazil) is admixed and it contains the highest proportion of Native American genetic ancestry in Brazil. We conducted a case-control study for leprosy in which we tested fourteen previously associated SNPs in key immune response regulating genes: TLR1 (rs4833095), NOD2 (rs751271, rs8057341), TNF (rs1800629), IL10 (rs1800871), CCDC122/LACC1 (rs4942254), PACRG/PRKN (rs9356058, rs1040079), IFNG (rs2430561), IL6 (rs2069845), LRRK2 (rs7298930, rs3761863), IL23R (rs76418789) and TYK2 (rs55882956). Genotyping was carried out by allelic discrimination in 967 controls and 412 leprosy patients. Association with susceptibility was assessed by logistic regression analyses adjusted for the following covariates: gender, age and ancestry. Genetic ancestry was similar in case and control groups. Statistically significant results were only found for IFNG and NOD2. The rs8057341 polymorphism within NOD2 was identified as significant for the AA genotype (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.37-0.84; P = 0.005) and borderline for the A allele (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-1.00; P = 0.053) and carrier (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-1.00; P = 0.051). The rs2430561 SNP in IFNG was associated with disease susceptibility for the AT genotype (OR = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.06-1.85; P = 0.018) and carrier (OR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.10-1.88; P = 0.008). We confirmed that NOD2 and IFNG are major players in immunity against M.leprae in the Amazon ethnic admixed population.

Indoleamine 2. 3-dioxygenase and iron are required for Mycobacterium leprae survival

Our previous study has demonstrated that IL-10 may modulate both indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and CD163 expression in lepromatous leprosy (LL) cells, favoring Mycobacterium leprae persistence through induction of regulatory pathways and iron storage. Here, we observed that in LL lesion cells there is an increase in the expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism such as hemoglobin (Hb), haptoglobin, heme oxygenase 1 and transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) when compared to tuberculoid leprosy (BT) cells. We also found increased iron deposits and diminished expression of the iron exporter ferroportin 1 in LL lesion cells. Hemin, but not FeSO stimulation, was able to enhance M. leprae viability by a mechanism that involves IDO. Analysis of cell phenotype in lesions demonstrated a predominance of M2 markers in LL when compared with BT lesion cells. A positive correlation between CD163 and PPARG with the bacillary index (BI) was observed. In contrast, TNF, STAT1 and CSF2 presented a negative correlation with the BI. In summary, this study demonstrates that iron may regulate IDO expression by a mechanism that involves IL-10, which may contribute for the predominance of M2-like phenotype in LL lesions that favors the phagocytosis and maintenance of M. leprae in host cells.

Análise de polimorfismos no gene PKLR e associação com a hanseníase / Analisys of polymorphins in the PKLR gene and association with leprosy

A hanseníase é uma doença infecciosa crônica provocada pelo patógeno intracelular obrigatório Mycobacterium leprae. Dado à baixa variabilidade desse bacilo, aliado à variedade de formas clínicas desenvolvidas na hanseníase, sugere-se que o componente genético do hospedeiro é o grande responsável pelo desenvolvimento da doença. Até o momento, polimorfismos de base única (SNPs) em diversos genes foram associados com a predisposição à hanseníase em estudos independentes em diferentes populações. Recentemente, SNPs no gene PKLR foram associados ao risco de desenvolvimento da hanseníase pelo nosso grupo. Na tentativa de melhor investigar o efeito de suscetibilidade desse gene a patógenos intracelulares, o presente estudo avaliou a associação de SNPs adicionais do PKLR com a hanseníase na população Brasileira e com a tuberculose na população de Moçambique. Os parâmetros funcionais relacionados aos marcadores do PKLR também foram avaliados. Inicialmente, foi feita uma seleção de SNPs a partir da busca nos dados do HapMap. Estes SNPs foram genotipados em um estudo de associação seguindo um desenho do tipo caso-controle na população do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados mostraram uma associação significativa de suscetibilidade a hanseníase para os SNPs rs11264355, rs11264359, rs4620533 e rs4971072 na população do Rio de Janeiro, assim como para o haplótipo rs11264355G/rs11264359G/rs4620533G/rs49710729.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by the obligate intracellular pathogenMycobacterium leprae. Given the low variability of the bacile with the variety of clinicalphenotype exhibited in leprosy, it is suggested that the genetic componente of the host isresponsable to leprosy development. Until now, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inmany genes were associated with leprosy predisposition in independente studies andpopulation. Recently, SNPs in the PKLR gene were associated with leprosy susceptibility byour group. Aiming to investigate the susceptibility to intracellular pathogens, this studyevaluated the association of additional SNPs of the PKLR in a Brazilian population, followedby an case-control study with tuberculosis in a Mozambique population. Functionalparameters correlated to the polymorphic variants were also evaluated. Initially, using theHapMap population data, we performed an analysis to search for SNPs which were tested inan case-control association study. Results showed a significant susceptibility association withleprosy within SNPs rs11264355, rs11264359, rs4620533 and rs4971072 in Rio de Janeiropopulation. In addition, we demonstrated that the haplotypers11264355G/rs11264359G/rs4620533G/rs4971072G was significantly associated withleprosy susceptibility in this population...